How are industries transforming?

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Let us discuss the framework about the industries and the transformation in the present scenario. What companies are looking for as an employee?

Nowadays, most of the industries are shifting towards automation, green energy and sustainability. The industries are implementing advanced systems to reduce human error, time optimization, better efficiency, less waste material (scrap) and effectiveness. These issues are trending issues in the current scenario, and industries are shifting there way toward them. For instance, Apple wants to reduce E-Waste and decrease their carbon footprints by 2030, so they decided not to provide a charger and earphones with newly released models. We should also take into account these issues are critical because it affects our surrounding environment.  

Fully autonomous is not yet possible/reliable as of now; however, companies are trying step by step to reach the highest level of autonomy. For example, Tesla is working on Autonomous level 4, which does not account for human intervention. Nevertheless, in any unwanted situation, the human driver can take the controls manually. Consequently, the industries are also looking for a candidate who is familiar with new trending topics/modules. As a company they want an employee to have some necessary qualities: Should be open to learning, familiar with new topics, possess programming skills, know how to work with hardware & system interactions and open to feedback and communication. 

"Most of us have a perception that what we study will be applied."

Not True

Considering a graduate in Engineering (CS, Mech, EEE/ECE. IT), we want to work in dept related jobs/core work; however, all of us do not get the opportunity for the same. In the following steps, we will discuss how to shape a career based on the current trending topics. Currently, new fields are Artificial intelligence, autonomous cars, hybrid vehicles, driver modelling, cooperative driving. All of these topics prerequisite knowledge in programming, mathematics, modelling systems, etc. To be connected with one of the current topics, we should indulge ourself with technology by learning new aspects about it. 

1) After, graduation in the above-mentioned depts you want to pursue your career in the new trending research/topics.

2) First of all, you should brace your profile for a suitable position which can be done by applying for certifications for the specific courses online.

For certifications go and join: https://nptel.ac.in/ and/or  https://www.coursera.org/  

and/or https://www.udemy.com/ 

3) Learn new software and/or currently used by companies for the analysis of systems such as python, MATLAB, Adams, etc.

4) Python and MATLAB are one of the trending computation software in the current tenure, and most of the applications are built based on them.  

5) Stay connected with new technological updates, for instance, if you are a car enthusiast stay updated with recent technology and the software being used by the companies for the same. 

 "Never dream about it work for it."

Most of the universities have started their undergraduate courses for the same topics because the future is curving towards them. This decision of universities will transform the future and aspirants to work in these trending topics. In coming 20-30 years, we will be surrounded by the autonomous world such as robots at industries, flying cars, etc. 

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What is Carnot Cycle or Heat Engine?

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Let us discuss what the Carnot Cycle is? We have already discussed some basic thermodynamic processes and their applications. Thermodynamics is one of the most researched topics in the field of Mechanical Engineering. The field of thermodynamics provides you with extensive knowledge about Heat and Mass, Power Plants, I.C Engines and related applications.

The Carnot Cycle is the theoretical ideal thermodynamic cycle proposed by French Scientist. However, it is not an actual thermodynamic cycle, but it provides an upper limit on the efficiency that any classical thermodynamic engine can achieve. In other words, the Carnot cycle is a hypothetical heat engine which can provide maximum efficiency between the specified temp range. The Carnot cycle is an ideal reversible closed cycle in there are four thermodynamic processes are involved, i.e. isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic compression. 

These four processes build a closed thermodynamic cycle, the P-V diagram of the cycle is shown in the above figure: 1-2 and 3-4 are the constant temp processes, and 2-3 and 4-1 are adiabatic processes means no heat exchange. 

Isothermal Expansion: Heat is transferred at a constant temp and the gas is allowed to expand due to which the pressure drops from point p1 to p2, but the temp remains the same because it has thermal contact. Thus the gas can expand within the system so-called as Isothermal expansion.

Adiabatic Expansion: As the gas is in thermal contact, no exchange of heat takes place, but the pressure drop from point p2 to p3, as the gas continues to expand. The work is done the system and losses the internal energy equal to the amount of work done. 

Isothermal Compression: Now the gas comes in contact with low temp reservoir and the surroundings do work on the gas; thus, the pressure rise from p3 to p4. However, there is no exchange of heat, so the temp remains constant. 

Adiabatic Compression: In this case, the system come back to its ideal state by work, increases the internal energy of the system and causing the temp to rise without any exchange of heat in the process. Due to the effect of compression, the pressure of the gas rises up from p4 to p1. 

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What is new in GATE 2021?

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Let's discuss what is new about GATE 2021? In the previous, we have already discussed: what is GATE, how to prepare and how to revise effectively.

Yesterday, IIT Bombay announced the exam date, new rules for the exam, eligibility criteria and including two new subjects. As per the meeting reports, the exam 2021 is to be conducted between February 5-7 and February 12-13. The eligibility rules proclaim the third-year student of Bachelors in Engineering can also apply for the exam 2021 owing to the pandemic situation (Which was not the case before). In addition, the committee also decided to ease the process of exam considering the condition of students who will pass in the upcoming year (Still in the process). In my perspective, this decision will help a lot of aspirants those who are willing to join IIT's and NITs for the Masters or PhD scholar.

Next, the IIT Bombay committee announced two new subjects for the GATE 2021, which are Environmental Science, and Humanities & Social science and/or General Studies. I would say it is an excellent decision to add these subjects in the exam as per the requirement in industrial/professional field. Because every one of us feels the industries still use traditional methods which is a myth. Nowadays, companies are looking for a candidate who is flexible with any course, knows current trending topics and the one who can leverage the company demand. These topics were already in the syllabus of Engineering Services Exam (ESE), and it is virtuous to study the trending topics in the present scenario because you will get to learn the fundamentals and future research topics. Based on the research, the syllabus for both these topics would be similar to the ESE exam with less content than the ESE exam.

From personal my experience, an Engineer is good at Maths, Engineering subjects, Aptitude, Science subjects, but they are undoubtedly weak or not interested in studying General Studies, Environmental aspects, Ethics and other related subjects. However, those who want to prepare for either ESE and/or IAS these subjects have most weightage in the exam, which also helps an Engineering student to get aware of these topics. That is what I feel makes you a complete 3-dimensional person with unique capabilities. These exams (ESE or IAS) provide you with the first-class govt. Jobs; thus, they require a unique candidate. Hence, that could be one of the reasons the GATE committee indulged those two subjects in GATE 2021. This move/step will help the new generation/students to find new career opportunities in various depts related to Engineering research,science, forestry, social science areas.

 

For more details: Check the official website and/or stay tuned with the blogs.

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Does an Aircraft have Anti-Skid System?

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Let's talk about what is an ABS system?

Antilock-Braking system is equipped in the cars to prevent unnecessary locking of the wheels while driving, or under any unwanted situation and on a wet surface. This safety equipment ensures the safety of the vehicle and prevents the vehicle from losing its stability. Even an aircraft has a similar system to prevent the life of passengers and aircrew. 

An aircraft possess multiple disc brakes made up of carbon fibres which consist of a stator (rotary part) and a carbon fibre disc on the rotary, as shown in the figure below. This generates the friction in between the two while rotation; thus, the speed is reduced or deacceleration is obtained. The carbon fibre is used over steel brakes due to efficient performance as it posses lower weight and high capability of absorbing energy whereas, the steel brakes are smaller in size and have more wear & tear as compared to carbon fibres. They are cost-effective, lighter weight, longer life and helps in fuel saving.  

Braking action also incorporates slip movement in action consider there is 10% slip in a stretch of 20 m, which means the aircraft covers 18 m. Whereas in the case of 100% slip with maximum brake pressure, the wheels will lock, and the tires start to skid. The slipping of tires is defined as the abrasion of tires when in contact with the runway. This condition of sliding/skidding can lead to blow out of tire due to extreme friction between the contact surface (runaway and tires), which might also turn into a loss of aircraft stability. 

Therefore, to prevent these unwanted situations, the aircraft is enabled with Anti-Skid System. This system works similar to the ABS system in cars, which prevent the wheels to lock by continuously braking them through electronic control systems. In the aircraft, the wheels are equipped with sensors and hydraulic valves which takes control over this type of unwanted situations. The primary function of the wheel sensor is to ensure whether the wheels have touched down the runway and they are spinning. If not, you cannot apply the brake pressure to prevent the wheels from getting lock before touching the runway. Secondly, the sensor monitors the wheel speed to prevent skidding/sliding. If there is a situation of the wheels are locked the valve release the pressure so that the wheels can spin and then apply the brake pressure to brake the wheels, hence, to switch off the Anti-skid system.

Consider a wet runway the technology of Anti-Skid system will help the aircraft to brake efficiently as the friction coefficient reduces and there is a less braking effect. In general, after an aircraft reaches a speed of about 85 knots (~ 43.7 m/s) the Anti-Skid system automatically switches on because there might be a need to brake an aircraft while taking off due to some technical faults/malfunction. 

Wheel Hub

Hope you find it interesting. Thanks for reading it.........

What are the basic Thermodynamic processes?

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Let's discuss what is thermodynamics? What are the different types of processes? How many types of systems are there? 

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of the movement of heat in various conditions. 

What is the state of a system? 

A system has certain properties such as pressure, vol, temp, and the present values of the properties of the system are called the thermodynamic state of the system. For instance, there is boiled milk at 50 deg c in a thermos flask, this represents the state of the system. After some time it cools down, i.e. temp reduces, therefore, the state of the system also changes.

There are three types of systems in thermodynamics:

1. Open: Can exchange energy and mass with its surroundings.

2. Closed: Can only exchange energy with its surroundings.

3. Isolated: No exchange of energy and mass.

Different types of systems.

Mainly, there are four types of thermodynamic processes are as follows:

1. Isobaric or Constant Pressure (Pink Line)

2. Isochoric or Constant Volume (Purple Line)

3. Adiabatic or Constant Heat (Black Line) 

4. Isothermal or Constant Temp (Green Line)

The above represents P-V diagram of various thermodynamical processes. However, there are two more processes know as the Reversible/Irreversible process. The reversible process is defined as the final properties of the system that can be reversed back to its original properties and vice versa. Constant pressure and/or constant vol. are important thermodynamic processes as they are used in Otto and Diesel cycle, i.e. for diesel and petrol engines. However, in ideal conditions constant vol and/or pressure cannot be achieved.

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What and how to prevent the freezing of an aircraft fuel?

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We have discussed a lot about an aircraft and the possibilities which might happen. Today let's discuss the danger of freezing fuel. The freezing of the fuel can lead to a decrease in the engine output and makes the engine to flame out. There are two types of diesel available based on the freezing point, i.e., 

Summer diesel and Winter diesel which is chemically treated to have lower cloud point and vice versa.

Basically, the commercial fuel for an aircraft is categorized into three types: Jet-A1 fuel is available outside the U.S, Jet-A only available in the U.S, and Jet-B used for military aircraft and sometimes available in Canada and Russia because of its low freezing point. Freezing point is similar to the cloud point temperature it is defined as when the jet fuel becomes cloudy/moisturised and the temperature gets nearly 6 deg lower than the freezing point temperature; thus, solidifies as wax.

Jet-A1 = -47 deg (freezing point temp) 

Jet-A = -40 deg (freezing point temp)

The fuel is filled into the wings at ambient temp (e.g. 25 deg), however, it depends where you're. In extremely cold weather, the fuel is preheated and then filled into the aircraft so that the aircraft can cruise and the fuel temp gets lower while in contact with the atmosphere air. Based on the research, the cooling rate of the fuel can vary from 3 to 11deg/hr. The fuel temp is measured using a sensor called Thermometric Fuel Temp Sensor and the sensor reading can be monitored in the Cockpit. It is mandatory for the pilot to monitor the fuel temp so that no unwanted situation will rise up. Considering Jet-A fuel at -37deg the sensor will trigger and responds to the situation to be critical which is 3 degrees less (prior) than the actual value. Then pilots have to monitor when and at what temp the fuel has been filled in the flight. Based on that they have to calculate the decrease in the temp by looking at the flight distance left for the destination to have a safe flight. The Aviation board recommends pilot to monitor the indicated fuel temp and the air temp as the difference of the temp allows them to take further action. 

Following steps can be taken to reduce the fuel temperature:

1. Increase in speed. Results have shown that 0.01 Mach increase in the speed will increase the total air temp respective to fuel temp by 0.4 - 0.7 degrees, thus, requires more fuel to burn.

2. Descend to normal air temperature. Based on the rules and regulations it is recommended to have 2000-3000 feet below the optimum altitude (Best Cursing Altitude). Research shown that at around 4000 feet lower altitude 8 degrees increase in the total air temp which respectively lowers the fuel temp.

3.  Divert the flight to warmer air mass. It is recommended to fly away from the jet stream. 

These are the major points to be noted, but still, the fuel can freeze as the fuel contains water and some kerosene in it whereas, the water particles freeze below zero degrees. To prevent this, a heat exchanger is placed before the fuel goes to the combustion chamber which warms up the fuel as per the requirement. The hot tubes lines run adjacent to the fuel tubes to make them warm as required so that the engine can work effectively.  

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What is the requirement of fuel dumping?

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Let’s talk about what is fuel dumping on the aircraft and in what situations it is allowed? Fuel dumping is a process of ejecting an extra amount of fuel in travel. This phenomenon is required in several conditions such as emergency landing, engine failure, technical malfunctioning, and overweight landing. The total flight weight is calculated before, the flights take-off which are as follows: Dry operation weight (Laden weight) + payload (cargo+passengers) = zero fuel weight + calculated fuel for destination = Take-off weight.

For every aircraft, there is a maximum landing weight allowance provided by the manufacture which is a threshold value of the weight. If the flight carried weight > threshold value, i.e., overweight landing and vice versa. So the pilots have to maintain the flight weight lower than the threshold provided, to have a safe landing. Due to extra weight (overload), the pilots decide to dump the fuel in the air so they reach the required weight for landing. For instance, you are traveling from the USA to Europe- Germany during the flight the pilots realized that there is technical malfunction so they have to make an emergency landing in Dublin or to any nearest airport. However, the fuel they carried from the USA was up till Germany, therefore, they have to inform ATC about the situation, and then they can dump the fuel recommended at higher altitudes so it doesn’t reach on the ground. 

I hope you find it interesting. See you on Monday. 

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Why do pilots Taxi with one engine?

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Let’s talk about why pilots use only one engine to taxi the plane? A lot of research is being done suppose one engine fails during the way will the pilot be able to land the flight safely. The answer is yes safe landing can be done using one main engine and the small engine on the tail can help in powering up the flight and to maintain the airflow.

The following are the reasons why the pilot uses only one engine for a taxi:

1. Fuel Saving: For instance, Boeing 737 or Airbus 330 burns 300kg/hr so making one engine idle saves a lot of fuel. Let’s consider normal taxi time as 15-20 minutes which means you approximately save 75kg of fuel with making one engine idle. Through this airlines can boost their profit and will not force pilots to do flap landings. 

2. Noise factor: This varies from 40-130 dB so they prefer to taxi with engine off. 

3. Engine wear: Several studies/research explains there is a lot of engine damage during taxi due to gravels on the runway and the parking gate. In Aviation terms, it is known as Foreign Object Damage.

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How many landings an aircraft tire can withstand?

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In the previous blog, we have discussed a lot about the aircraft as I am enthusiastic to learn about aircraft and various application aspects of it. Thus, sharing my knowledge with everyone. In my last blog, I had raised a question to the audience about why pilots sit on the left-hand side of the aircraft and first officer on the right. I only received some replies for it to be answered for which I will make a writeup soon.

Many factors affect the tire's rigidity and property such as rubber abrasion, the weight of the aircraft, the landing speed, contact surface, environmental conditions, and the inflation pressure.

An aircraft subject to tonnes of weight due to that we require tires which have good strength and quality. Basically, the aircraft tires are certified to run at 370 km/hr or 200 knots which is nearly like a Formula racing cars. However, aircraft tires are inflated approximately 5 times that of a car tire, which is nearly 210 psi to carry/withstand the massive weight of an aircraft. As aircraft tire is subjected to different climatic conditions, therefore, the air becomes volatile so the tires are filled with Nitrogen. The Nitrogen (inert) gas properties do not react with the tire and the rim metal, hence, it is used for an aircraft tire. Moreover, Nitrogen does not contain any water vapor so there will be no problem during landing in lower temperatures.  

In general, an aircraft tire can make 150-200 landings/take-off cycles before replacing or retreading them. Retreading is a process of making a tread profile on the tires by using remolded tire strips to make the tire work for some more cycles. The aircraft tires are also equipped with a valve/ fusible plug that prevents overheating and blow out of the tires. The plug helps the tire to deflate at a constant rate and prevents the explosion or any unwanted situation. 

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Why do the aircraft tires have straight tire profile?

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Let's discuss why do the aircraft tires have straight tire profile? A tire is a rubber material which provides contact with the surface. The tire is made of compound material (rubber, belts, beads) and every tire has it's unique characteristics as per the requirement. The aircraft tire needs strength so it is built such that it provides maximum strength. The standard inflation pressure on the aircraft tire is about  ~210 psi.

The primary reason to have a straight line profile is to guide/deflect the water away during landing/take off on the runway and also the tire should help for the directional stability of an aircraft. In case of an aircraft, you do not have to corner constantly, therefore, you do not need more grip on tire whereas, the tire should have enough strength and prevent the slip. Another reason to have a straight line profile is to prevent hydroplaning in the tires. Hydroplaning is a phenomenon where the tire slips/skids on the water profile which makes the tire to lose contact from the runway surface and the tire slide over the runway, i.e., inactive braking. At a higher speed, the lifting force is higher which lifts the tire up; thus, loses the contact from the surface, i.e., loses directional control. Hence, the straight profile tires help the water to pass through the grooves so that the water profile can not be built.

Why not use the same tire profile as the car tires?

1. The car profile tire (grip tires) would clog up more quickly than a straight profile tires due to extreme abrasion of the tire material while landing.

2. More wear of tire treads; thus, making it an unbalanced tire profile. 

3. In grip tires, the stones can be stuck, while running on the runway might split out and damage the aircraft fuel tank, engine, etc.

Due to the following reasons, the straight tire profiles are used in the aircraft, as shown in figure below. It is always recommended by the Aviation that the tires should be checked by the maintenance engineer and the pilot before they take off because might the tire is worn, have flat spots, treads are visible on the tire profile, etc. All of these factors should be checked during the maintenance of an aircraft to have a safe flight. 

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Why the passengers board from the left hand side?

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Let's talk about why passengers board from the left-hand side. Before, I start I want to say there is no critical reason why we use left-hand side for the boarding, but according to the research, I will explain the reason. Within the world, 99% of the aircraft (e.g. Airbus 320, Boeing 737) have left side boarding; however, there are few exceptions such as Military planes (they use rear boarding), Boeing C-17, 747/8 and MD-80. We have already discussed one blog about Airbus 320 which was about how to land an aircraft during any emergency situation. 

Mostly, you board the flight from the front and/or aft left door of the aircraft and the right-hand side of the aircraft is used for the languages, freight packages, loading/unloading of pallets, refuelers, etc. From this, we can conclude one reason that the flight manufactures/carriers do not want any intervention with the passengers on the same side of the luggage dept and etc. Based on the research, they have specified many reasons in the Aviation sector, but we cannot discuss everything let's go back in days and see why was it like this? 

In the maritime industry the ships were used to steer from the right-hand side or know as starboard side, thus, the left side was used for loading and unloading and dock the left side on the port, i.e., port side. During the technology transition, the same concept of the left-hand side boarding was used in the Aviation Industry. The first reason was already discussed above, then it comes to the kitchen area, crew seats which are on the right side of the aircraft, hence, the boarding is done from the left doors. So that the right side of the aircraft can be used by ground support workman, loading packages and ground crews. The same concept of the maritime industry was evolved in the Aviation Industry and every aircraft is built with the same specification. 

Schematic view of an Aircraft.

I have one question Why Captain sits on the left side of the plane? Can anyone answer it? "No google"

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CNC Machine....

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Let's talk about what is a CNC machine and some of the manufacturing operations using a CNC milling machine. CNC machine (Computer Numerical Control) is a computerised machine used to perform various machining operations such as grinding, turning, boring, etc. 

For instance, turning operation is a machining process which removes the material using a cutting tool for creating cylindrical jobs. The job rotates around the tool along the axis of the machine material. Whereas, boring is the opposite process as it creates hollow objects. In the previous blog, it was mentioned that nowadays, most of the companies use CNC machines as it provides you with better maintainability, time optimization and less scrap. 

In the following paragraph, the steps of CNC machining operation is provided:

a. Create a CAD model of the part to be produced.

b. Create a machining code based on the CAD file.

c. Machinery Setup.

d. Implement the code on the console and start manufacturing of the product.

Steps for setting up the machinery:

a. Check all the power supplies.

b. Put the raw material into the chuck of the machine.

c. Load the tool turret.

d. Calibration. 

e. Run the CNC code. 

The program of the CNC machine is written in the form of G-codes and every operation and/or a tool in the CNC machine has a unique code, e.g., G00 is rapid positioning. In the upcoming blogs, will discuss more about CNC machines and programming aspects. If you guys want to know more about how to program the machining operation I can write a sample program for any simple operation. 

Thanks for reading it. Enjoy the weekend. See you on Monday. Stay safe. 

Different Departments in Mechanical Engineering.

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In the previous blog, we have talked about Mechanical Engineering and various aspects of it. Let's talk about the basic departments within the Mechanical core such as Manufacturing, Machine tools, foundry and powder metallurgy, etc. In 2015, I did my Summer Training in Ordnance Factory where I worked/visited in different departments such as Machining, foundry, metal engraving, CNC and Tooling so based on the knowledge gained I will write this blog. 

"In the following paragraph, you might the words used as 'job' it means workpiece, not a 'professional job' ".

During my training, I worked in the Machining Department which had sub-branches as metal engraving, metal cutting, wire drawing, CNC and basic jobs made using a tool/grinding wheel. Griding wheel is also a tool shaped in the form of a wheel which is a made of abrasive material. Predominantly, I learned about CNC which was horizontal milling and vertical milling. The CNC machine had 5 axes (direction, i.e., X, Y, Z, a & b) to work on a provided job. To make any job using a CNC machine you have to write a program using the Manual provided by the company. I learned the basics about the CNC programming which is similar to C programming with different syntax and indentation. Furthermore, I visited the engraving section where I learned how the metal is engraved using the tool. Mostly, the tool used is a carbide tip tool, HSS, cast iron, etc. 

To make any job we need a tool which has good fatigue, tensile and compressive strength so that it can bear the impact or wear & tear and make the job efficiently. The engraving tool is highly sensitive; thus, requires proper tooling techniques to make and to work on the job. All the automatic machines (CNC) use coolant which is recirculated on the job and the tool for heat dissipation, reduction in wear and tear, better machinability and to obtain a cleaned job. Mostly, the coolant used in the CNC machine is emulsified coolant which is made up of oil emulsified with water through the use of the detergent. The tool or grinding wheel used in CNC needs cooling effect otherwise, you would not obtain a proper job. Nowadays, the foundry work is done using the machines reasons are safety, optimization of time, less scrap and better handling of raw materials. This above context is about the traditional engineering methods which are used to make mechanical parts for automobiles, aircraft, tanks, etc.

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How to land a Aircraft in Emergency?

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Let's talk about Airbus 320. In present, it is the world's best passenger aircraft. The aircraft has the longest single-aisle aircraft, airlines and passengers. Nowadays, this the most used passengers aircraft in the world's airspace. This aircraft has an exceptional efficiency as it accounts for new engine options (NEO). The aircraft accounts for many autonomous systems such as auto-pilot, auto-recognition and auto-checkups, etc. In the following paragraph, we will talk about the Glideslope and Localizer, which are the main terminologies used in the Aviation Sector while take-off or landing. Therefore, to land an aircraft we need to know some basics so let's discuss it in the subsequent steps. 

A localizer is an autonomous system which, guides the aircraft along the axis of the runway; thus, it is an important landing system. Next, Glideslope is a descent of the aircraft which, the pilot has to maintain while approaching to the runway. Based on the Aviation Manual the descent angle is given as 3 degrees. Before, approaching the runway the pilot has to confirm the Glideslope, heading of the aircraft and the ILS of the runway (this is basically the number of the runway).

The figure shown below demonstrates the Top view and Side view of the airport runway. In the top view, you can see the horizontal plane of the runway. The localizer guide/manoeuvre the aircraft towards the designated runway using the instrument landing system (ILS). The glideslope and the heading of the aircraft are given by the Air Traffic Controller (ATS) for a specific landing condition it basically depends on the length of the runway, the dimension of the aircraft, etc. 

Top View and

Side View of the runway.

Some of the steps are given below:

1. You have to use the knobs from the FCO Panel in the Cockpit.

2. Next, to your seat, you will see a display with some keys there will be a key/button for preferences select it, and then press activates approach phase. By doing this your aircraft activates the landing mode and checks for landing system autonomously and starts decreasing it speed with provided descent.  

3. Then check for the speed of the aircraft and press the knob to decrease the speed so that the aircraft can go to the desired landing speed (Using the FCO Panel).

4. Next, talk with the ATC controller to ask for the heading and the altitude, and then set them using the FCO Panel. The heading is always given such that you meet the localizer on the runway.

5. Select auto brakes using the FCO panel, therefore, the aircraft starts applying them after the landing gears touch the ground.

6. Next, to your seat, you will find a lever for flaps you have to use that to decrease the speed of an aircraft. 

7. Press the button for an approach using the FCO Panel this will help the aircraft to manoeuvre to the localizer in the horizontal plane.

8. Finally, open the landing gears and lock them and you will make a safe landing. Make the throttle levers ideal. 

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Why Mechanical Engineering?

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Let's talk about why Mechanical Engineering as an undergraduate course. Predominantly, to be a Mechanical Engineering you should have strong basics of Physics, Mechanics and Mathematics. In a broader perspective, the branch combines Material Science, Manufacturing, CAD, Basic Mechatronics, Engines and Mechanical Systems. 

"MECHANICAL Engineering is one of the oldest and broadest of the Engineering domains". 

One of the great section of this Engineering program is you will get to learn various Engineering principles such as design, analysis, manufacturing, operation of machinery and Engines. It provides you with a versatile domain of subjects which certainly helps you in finding a good job in Industry. In addition, Mechanical Engineers deal with economic issues, from the cost of a single component to the economic impact of a manufacturing plant. Besides this, the course also includes production management, which helps students finding jobs in various engineering/corporate managements.   

The advantage of having a broad knowledge of Engineering allows you to work in several fields such as aerospace, automotive, biotechnology and IT departments. Hence, provides a vast choice of employment options and also gives you the ability to switch within companies. From my experience, after you acquire an experience of 5-7 years you will be able to transit your career as a Senior Executive Engineer or even more Specialised Roles, e.g., R/D and Plant Head. 

Reasons to be a Mechanical Engineer:

1. It's highly sought after by employers and with good salaries.

2. Wide variety of courses: You can certainly find a good specialised course / an interesting topic to research on.

3. Mechanical Engineering is at the forefront of developing new technologies in various Depts. such as agriculture, transport, automotive, biomedical, etc. 

4. Provides you with multiple options to get specialised in, for instance, manufacturing, thermal, design, computational fluids, etc.

5. If you're a Mechanical Engineer you have a higher chance to join Defence Services by UES- Technical Entry. Because the maximum number of vaccines are from Mechanical Dept.

6. You can crack the CDS exam after graduation to join Defence Services. 

I have listed some of the points from my experience, believe me, it is a really good feeling to be a Mechanical Engineer. After your graduation, you can have more flexibility and advantage to choose a career path rather than other depts. because of its dynamic nature/course structure. You are capable of working in a wide variety of industries and are also employed in extensive depts. like robotics, power plants and energy systems. "Being a Mechanical Engineer is not the same as other Engineers". Therefore, if you are a Mechanical Engineer you should be proud of yourself.  (Totally my opinion don't quote)

Mechanical Engineering is one of the few Engineering Department which is always in demand and will always be in demand, provides you with a challenging profession that pays well. 

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Bachelors in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence or not?

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Let's talk about the different options for the Bachelors in Technology. As most of us want to pursue Engineering in Depts such as Mechanical, Electrical & Electronics and Computer Science. However, the trend of these departments is shifting to more sophisticated domains which, includes advancements in the basic Engineering Depts. This will help aspirants to study an advance level of Engineering application and/or helps the candidate in leaning towards the more specific domains rather going for a broader content. I would suggest the new aspirants kindly, research well before you join Engineering Depts because in later days you should not regret your choice.  

In the current scenario, the industries are switching/moving towards Automation and Intelligent Applications. Thereby, considering the demand in the future there are many professional courses (Bachelors, Masters and PhD)/certifications which, you can pursue to meet the new future demands of the industries. In addition, the industries are also shifting towards green energy and sustainability; however, if you look at the students pursuing those topics are less because these topics are not explored/researched much as compared to others such as Automotive, Electrical. Looking at the trends my suggestion would be if you want to pursue something with Intelligent Application which, includes robotics, 3D printing, Deep learning, ADAS systems, etc kindly go through the course structure before you join them. Incoming 10-20 years, you will realize that you made a good choice for ourself pursuing the new course structures. 

For certifications go and join: https://nptel.ac.in/ and/or  https://www.coursera.org/  

and/or https://www.udemy.com/ 

From last year, Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT -Ghuwati and Hyderabad) announced the undergraduate course in Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence. However, some of the private institutions also provide the same course in undergraduate level. You might see that most of the overseas institutes have these course from way behind, but it's just a gap in transition if you believe in your capability we can also do this and a set an example for our nation. What you can expect from this course as an undergraduate student is as follows:

Prerequisite: Strong basics in Maths (Probability, Linear Algebra & Calculus) and Computer Science (OOP's. Data Structures, Boolean Algebra). 

1. Machine learning algorithms for developing intelligent robots, self-driving cars and self decisive robots. 

2. Human cognition to understand and develop intelligent algorithms to create robots, mobile vehicles and interaction between machines & humans.

3. How to develop algorithms for autonomous operations.

4. How to deal with datasets generated from the sensors basically sensor fusion technique; thus, required synergistic knowledge of other modules as well.

5. Advanced computer languages applications such as ROS, Open CV, Python and MATLAB.

"Artificial Intelligence is a young and booming domain in which there is much to be discovered/researched "

Based on the above content don't decide other departments does not have the value of Engineering the old departments are the foundation of every new Engineering course. "Old is Gold"

I hope this information was helpful for future aspirants any queries kindly, comments and share the content.  

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After 12th Standard?

Welcome to today's blog...

Let's talk about what to do after 12th standard. This question arises in everyone's mind while you are in 12th standard or you have passed out. It is good if you can answer it while you are studying in school. Actually, this is an extremely tough question to answer; however, I will share my knowledge and provide you with steps to choose the future milestone efficiently. While you are in your school days you go have three options, i.e., Science Stream (PCM with CSE or PCM with Biology),  Commerce Stream (with/without maths) and Arts. More explicitly, I will talk about the science stream (PCM with CSE) and the future milestone for them.

After 12th standard, most of us plan to do Engineering with any domain (depends on personal interest), but that is not only the option you have. I would say that's a good option; however, recommend you to explore some other options which, you can also do if you are a student of science branch. Here I will list down some other options you can go for after your schooling. 

1. Go for B.SC Hons with any of the subjects such as Physics, Maths and Chemistry. This was my first option to do B.SC Hons in Chemistry and got admitted to the Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College University of Delhi. After I did not attempt/clear for Defence services, i.e., SSB for NDA. Because my first choice was to be a pilot for Air force India.   

2. Go for BCA Hons if you are interested in Computer Science it is a great opportunity to explore for, from this, you can be a great computer analyst. However, I would recommend going for MCA after BCA to gain substantial knowledge and/or application of Computers, further, lead in some good company as a computer scientist, senior analyst, developer, etc. 

3. Go for B.SC Hons in Information Technology this is an extended version/professional course for Computer science rather going for B.Tech in CSE. Moreover, there is an advantage in doing B.SC IT as it's for three years which means you save a year.

4. Prepare for Defence services such as NDA, NCC and ACC, for instance, the National Defence Academy for more information refer to the website: https://www.upsc.gov.in/examinations/National%20Defence%20Academy%20and%20Naval%20Academy%20Examination%20%28II%29%2C%202020

5. While doing your Bachelors prepare for the banking sector, insurance services and state services. 

6. If you are interested to pursue your future as a sportsman do join the National Academy's because it is very vital to receive proper training and exposure to pursue your dream efficiently. 

My story: During my final year of Engineering, I was selected in UES- Technical Entry for Indian Navy but my passion was to be a pilot so I did not go for the SSB interview which was held in Bangalore in 2017. Personally, if you ask me my passion was to become a pilot and serve my country. This was my childhood dream; however, couldn't accomplish due to several ups and downs in the destined path. In present, I am an Engineer which, was the second choice but now I love the field because I accepted it as my profession. 

"If I will get a second chance for my life will happily go for the Defence Service to serve my country"

Hope you will find the information helpful and considerable. Any questions you can comment feel free to contact.

Thanks for reading it....

How To Revise For GATE and ESE Effectively....

Welcome to today's blog...

Let's discuss how to revise effectively and utilize time during preparation. It is very important to do the revision effectively after you have completed your preparation for several months. The revision makes you feel more confident and positive about the exam (It's basically a recap of what all you have studied). The rudimentary steps are listed below to have a good/effective revision: 

"It's My opinion Don't Quote"

1. Start with one subject and read the notes thoroughly.

2. Then read the short notes, i.e., formula sheet and read important concepts.

3. Solve the previous year exam question which, you marked difficult for the first time. For more information read the given blog:  https://lalitautomotive06.blogspot.com/2020/06/how-to-prepare-for-gate.html

4. After, attempting previous year questions analyse your performance and identity the concepts of questions which you were not able to attempt. Then revise those sections again to improve your concepts for the same.

5. From this, you will be able to identify your weak areas now go to the notes/books and read those topics.

6. After, you have revised your topics you can again try and solve the same questions which, will certainly help you in building your concepts stronger.

7. Next, you can follow the same routine until you feel comfortable with those topics, then appear for mock tests and practice virtual calculator for the exam.

8. This how you can prepare a specific module and follow the same for other subjects as well. This routine of practice and reading the concepts will make your application part stronger and stronger. 

9. You can make a pattern of revision every week for a subject by using short notes, important questions, a question bank, etc.

Hope all of the above points mentioned will help you in boosting your confidence, marks and application of concepts. For more information refer to previous blogs on ESE and GATE. Any questions feel free to comment and share with others. 

"Stay motivated.... believe in yourself ... you can do it ... never give up...practice a lot....trust your soul... always hear your inner voice" Best wishes and good luck to future aspirants.

Thanks for reading it.........

Mechanical Engineer Should Know This...

Welcome to today's blog...

Let's talk about Material Science as a module in Engineering. It is a branch of physics which deals with material properties, defects and structure & behavior of a material. Mainly, materials are classified into two types: Ductile and Brittle. The material which has a capability to undergo plastic deformation under stress without fracture is referred to as Ductile materials and vice versa. Example for ductile material is steel and copper whereas, for brittle material glass and concrete. The material science is vital as the product quality depends upon material properties. Predominantly, the materials are used in workshops to make machine tools, foundry shops, etc. A harder material is used to produce machine tool whereas, soft material is used to make draw wires. To make any machine tool or anything with the material it is necessary to study the material properties before prototyping them. 

Furthermore, there are two types of material: Metal and Non-metal. Metals are classified into two types: Ferrous and Non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metal has most content as iron whereas, Non-ferrous has little or no content of iron such as Copper, Zinc, etc. Examples for ferrous metals steel, HSS, etc. Ferrous metals are mostly used for industrial purposes. Here, I will list down some of the important material properties which should be known by a Mechanical Engineer.

1. Strength

2. Ductility

3. Hardness

4. Fatigue

5. Homogeneity

6. Isotropy 

7. Anisotropy

8. Elasticity

9. Plasticity

10. Brittleness

11. Stiffness

12. Toughness

13. Machinability

14. Malleability

15. Creep

16. Resilience

17. Damping

18. Embrittlement 

For more details refer to the book: https://www.wiley.com/en-us/search?pq=%7Crelevance%7Cauthor%3AWilliam+D.+Callister+Jr.

Thanks for reading it..........